Imfucuza yamaphaneli elanga kulindeleke ukuthi yenyuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-4000 kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo.Ingabe imboni yokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga ikulungele ukuphatha la mavolumu?Njengoba isidingo samaphaneli amasha sikhula kakhulu futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyindlala, umjaho usaqhubeka.
Iphaneli yelangaukugaywa kabusha kuba inselele yangempela.Okubalulekile esu le-UK lengqikithi ye-zero, amandla elanga ayindlela ehlala njalo nesimeme yamabhizinisi nemizi, futhi akhula ngokushesha.
Ngo-2021, i-UK yengeze u-730MW womthamo welanga elisha, ithatha umthamo usuwonke wafinyelela ku-14.6GW, okuwukunyuka ngamaphesenti angama-5.3 ukusuka ku-2020, futhi - engxenyeni yesibili ka-2022 - amandla elanga anikele ngamaphesenti angama-6.4 engqikithi yokuphehlwa kukagesi wase-UK.Ngaphakathi kweQhinga lika-Ephreli Lokuphepha Kwamandla, uMnyango Wezamabhizinisi, Amandla Nezimboni (BEIS) ukuqinisekisile ukuthi, ngo-2035, ukuthunyelwa kwelanga lase-UK kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu, kuthathe ivolumu iyonke iye ku-70GW: cishe amaphesenti ayi-15 e-UK ehlongozwayo. (kanye nokwanda) izidingo zikagesi, ngokusho kukaMcKinsey.
Inkinga evelayo ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngamaphaneli elanga uma esefinyelele ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo engama-30 yokuphila.Njengoba ukukhula kwemakethe kuqhubeka nokudlondlobala esikhathini esizayo, kuyoba njalo nenqwaba ekhulayo yemfucuza yelanga.Ngokusho kwe-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), i-UK ibikezelwa ukuthi izokhiqiza amathani angama-30,000 emfucumfucu yelanga eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.Futhi, ukwanda kwamaphaneli angasebenzi kubikezelwa ukuthi kuzofika emakethe ngawo-2030, laphoamaphaneli elangakusukela eminyakeni eyinkulungwane iqala ukuntengantenga.I-IRENA ibikezela ukuthi imfucuza yomhlaba wonke evela kumaphaneli elanga izoba phakathi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.7 neziyisishiyagalombili ngo-2030.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhodlela elingase libe khona ekunikezelweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, nesidingo samaphaneli asethelwe ukudlula ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezingabalulekile.
Ingcindezi iyakhula ukuze imboni yokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga ikhulise amandla ayo ukuze ikwazi ukubhekana nokukhuphuka kwamaphaneli angasebenzi futhi isekele ukwenziwa kwamaphaneli elanga amasha.NgoJulayi, u-Sam Vanderhoof, uchwepheshe wemboni yelanga, waphakamisa ukuthi - emhlabeni jikelele - iphaneli eyodwa kuphela kweyishumi ye-photovoltaic (PV) igaywe kabusha futhi enye igcine isendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, futhi kubhekiselwa kudatha evela ku-IRENA.
Umthetho kanye nokuhambisana
E-UK,amaphaneli elanga ahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni njengeEzogesi kanye NezogesiIzisetshenziswa(EEE), ngaphansi kweSigaba se-14 esizinikezele. Kanjalo, amaphaneli e-PV ambozwe yiMithethonqubo ye-EEE (WEEE) Kadoti;ukuphela kwempilo yabo kuyaqashwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda eqinile yokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga sekuqalile.
Abakhiqizi bephaneli yelanga banesibopho sokujoyina i-Producer Compliance Scheme (PCS), amathoni okubika athulwe emakethe kanye nokuthola amanothi okuthobela ukuze amboze ukugaywa kabusha kwalawo mayunithi esikhathini esizayo.Kufanele futhi bamake imikhiqizo ukuze baluleke abasebenzisi kanye nezindawo zokwelapha ngokubunjwa kwempahla kanye nokulahlwa okufanele.
Ngasikhathi sinye, abasabalalisi kumele baqoqe imikhiqizo yokuphela kwempilo.Kufanele babe nenqubo yokubuyisela emuva kokulahlwa kwe-PV noma banikele esikimini sokubuyisela esigunyazwe nguHulumeni.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaScott Butler, Isikhulu Esiphezulu se-Material Focus, i-NGO exhaswe ngemali yokuthobela i-WEEE, kunokucatshangelwa okuhlukile okuzothinta ukutholwa kwamaphaneli elanga: “Nge-PV ungalindela ukuthi kube nobudlelwano besifaki/isikhiphi amakhaya.Nakuba kuwumkhiqizo wasekhaya, akuyona into abantu abaningi abazokwazi ukuyiphatha ngokwabo.
“Ngicabanga ukuthi ukukhishwa kufanele kubandakanye uchwepheshe obhalisiwe wama-mains electrics… futhi angase abe ukhiye wokulawula lokhu [kumosha].Nakuba kungase kube nzima ngoba abakulungele ukuphatha imfucuza, akunzima kangako ukuba umthuthi wemfucuza.”
U-Butler uphawula ukuthi amaphaneli elanga manje asondela ekupheleni kwempilo angase abe yinselele ukuwasebenzisa kabusha ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kokukhiqizwa: “Mayelana nokugaywa kabusha, ngicabanga ukuthi inselele ngama-PVs kuzoba ukuqonda ikhemistri ngoba, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni, kunenqwaba yezingxube zamakhemikhali ezihlukene ezenzekayo.Izinto ezizoqala ukuphuma manje sezindala impela, iminyaka engama-20 ingumjikelezo omude impela.Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe kunegebe lolwazi okungase kudingeke ukuthi lixhunywe ukuthi ubani obeka ini emakethe nokuthi kuyini.”
Izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha
Izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwamaphaneli elanga, okuvame kakhulu kuwo okusekelwe ku-silicon.Aziwa ngokufinyeleleka kwawo kanye nokuvumelana nezimo, amaphaneli elanga e-silicon enza ingxenye yemakethe engamaphesenti angama-73.3 ngo-2020;ifilimu elizacile lilinganiselwa kumaphesenti angu-10.4 kanye namaphaneli enziwe kwezinye izinto (ezizwela udayi, i-photovoltaic egxilile, ama-organic hybrids) amele amaphesenti ayi-16.3 asele (Chowdhury et al, 2020).
Uma kuqoqwe, noma yikuphiIphaneli ye-PVkunzima ukukuqaqa.Uhlaka lwe-aluminium kanye nebhokisi lokuhlangana kungasuswa kalula;ingxenye eyinselele ishidi lengilazi eliyisicaba eline-laminated, eliqukethe amanani aphansi ezinsimbi ezingayoni nezingezona ayoni, amapulasitiki kanye nempahla ye-semiconductor.Ngokuphathelene nezixazululo zokwelapha, inselele akuyona eyobuchwepheshe, njengoba i-pyrolysis, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cryogenic (iqhwa), kanye nokuqothula ngomshini kukhona njengamasu okuhlukanisa izinto ezihlukahlukene.Inselele enkulu ukuthi amaphaneli e-PV awakhiqizi imfucuza efana nemfucuza yokupakisha noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngesikhathi esifushane sokuphila.Ngakho-ke, umbuzo oyinhloko ungowomnotho: ubani ozotshala imali kulayini wokwelapha ongenalo ulwazi lokuthi imfucuza izofika nini?
Amaphaneli amafilimu azacile abandakanya inqubo yokwelapha, edinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe ukuze kubuyiselwe insimbi eyinhlanganisela ye-'cadmium telluride' ngendlela efanele imvelo.Nakuba ukukhetha okungadumile kangako, amaphaneli amafilimu amancane anokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwempahla, afaka i-semiconductor ezacile, okonga ezindlekweni kanye nekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.Lawa maphaneli asebenza kangcono ekukhanyeni okuphansi kanye nama-engeli 'okudlulele', awusizo ezindaweni eziqondile nama-facade.
Ukuze ubuyisele izinto zokwakha, amaphaneli efilimu emincane ye-PV ahlukaniswa ukuze asuse i-lamination, ngaphambi kokuba izingcezu eziqinile neziwuketshezi zihlukaniswe ngesikulufu esijikelezayo.Ifilimu ibe isikhishwa kusetshenziswa i-asidi ne-peroxide, kulandelwa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezihlanganisayo ngokudlidliza, kuyilapho ingilazi esele nensimbi kuyahlukaniswa futhi kubuyiselwe.
I-solar panel recycling esikalini
Naphezu kwezinhlelo zamanje zokugaywa kabusha ezikhula kancane kancane, okwamanje kuphela amaphesenti angama-80 kuya kwangu-95 ezinto zephaneli yelanga ezenza ukuthi zigaywe kabusha ezitholiwe.Ukuqhubekisela phambili lokhu, inkampani elawula udoti i-Veolia ihola iphrojekthi yokuletha kabusha amaphaneli elanga aphelele esikalini sezimboni, kuphrojekthi eqhubekayo exhaswa yi-EIT RawMaterials.I-ReProSolar ithuthukisa inqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu yokugaya kabusha amaphaneli okuphela kwempilo, okuvumela ukuthi zonke izingxenye zemojula ye-PV esekwe ku-silicon ziphinde zitholakale.
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-delamination ukuhlukanisa ingqamuzana yelanga epuleti lengilazi, izinqubo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zibuyisela zonke izinto, kuhlanganise nesiliva elihlanzekile ne-silicon, ngaphandle kokucekela phansi amamojula we-PV.
Ngokubambisana ne-FLEXRES GmbH kanye ne-ROSI Solar, ezimbiliizinkampani zobuchwephesheabakha izindlela ezintsha zokuthola kabusha izinto zokusetshenziswa kumaphaneli e-PV, iphrojekthi izohlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini esikalini sezimboni ekupheleni konyaka, ngamathani angu-5,000 amamojula e-PV asusiwe azocutshungulwa minyaka yonke endaweni yokubonisa eJalimane ngo-2024.
Ukuhwebelana ngenqubo ephelele yokugaywa kabusha kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlangabezana nenselele yamanje yemakethe, ukuletha ukuhlinzekwa okuqinile kwezingxenye zephaneli ye-PV etholiwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo samaphaneli kanye nokusingatha amavolumu akhuphukayo emfucumfucu yamaphaneli elanga.
Izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho zingenziwa ekubuyiseni izingxenye zephaneli ye-PV enenani eliphezulu njengoba isidingo sikhula.Isiliva, isibonelo, ngenkathi ibalwa ngamaphesenti angu-0.05 wesisindo sephaneli, yenza amaphesenti angu-14 yenani layo lemakethe.Ezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile nezibuyisekayo zihlanganisa i-aluminium, ithusi, ne-tellurium.Ngokusho kwe-Rystad Energy, ngenkathi izinto ezitholiwe kumaphaneli we-PV wokuphela kwempilo njengamanje zibiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-170, kulindeleke ukuthi zibiza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-2.7 zamarandi ngo-2030.
Ukuklama kabusha amaphaneli elanga
Ngokungeziwe ezenzweni ezintsha emhlabeni zokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga, idizayini yamaphaneli nayo iyacatshangelwa kabusha kucatshangwa ngokusetshenziswa kabusha.I-Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) iveze amaphaneli elanga ayo asanda kuthuthukiswa 'I-Design for Recycling' (D4R) ngoDisemba 2021, enzelwe ukucatshangelwa kokuphela kwempilo.Amaphaneli, anesikhathi sokuphila esihloliwe seminyaka engu-30, aklanyelwe ukuqaqa kalula ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezilimazayo.
Amaphaneli, ambozwe nge-foil enamathelayo, abamba indlela yokuqalisa edidiyelwe yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli namafreyimu.Le nqubo ayinawo amandla amancane futhi ayibandakanyi izinto ezinobuthi.
Ucwaningo lugcinwe amaphrojekthi amabili, eyokuqala iphrojekthi ye-DEREC, eyaklama futhi yahlola amaphaneli e-D4R ngezinga elincane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlakazwa kwawo okuhlanzekile ngemva kokulingisa impilo yesevisi.Iphrojekthi ye-PARSEC izobe isikhulisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze bufinyelele kumaphaneli e-D4R anosayizi ogcwele ukuze asetshenziswe kwezohwebo nezindawo zokuhlala.
Ngenkathi ingaphanelikukhiqizwacishe eminyakeni engama-30 edlule ebeka inselelo yamanje kubashicileli, amaphaneli e-D4R angenza kube lula ukugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli ukuze kuqhubekisele phambili imboni.Futhi, ngaphezu kwamaphaneli amasha, i-consortium icwaninga amasu okuvuselela kabusha amamodeli wamanje wephaneli yelanga, ukuze kuzuzwe ukutholwa kwe-silicon emsulwa ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha.
Ekuphetheni
Ngokuqongelelayo, lezi zindlela ezintsha zibonisa isithembiso ekugxileni kwazo kwezohwebo, nakuba ukukhathazeka kusasele ngokuthi isikali esidingekayo sizohlangatshezwa yini, nawo womabili amaphaneli angasebenzi kanye nesidingo samasha siyakhula.Kodwa-ke, uma imizamo yokuthengisa ihamba kahle, futhi uma izinhlelo zokukhiqiza amaphaneli avela ezintweni ezibuyiselwe ngokuphelele zingalethwa, imboni yephaneli yelanga ibheka umnotho oyisiyingi oqinile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-11-2023